669 lines
83 KiB
HTML
669 lines
83 KiB
HTML
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<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/><title>Unit 8: Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy</title><style>
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/* cspell:disable-file */
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/* webkit printing magic: print all background colors */
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html {
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-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;
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}
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* {
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box-sizing: border-box;
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-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;
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}
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html,
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body {
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margin: 0;
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padding: 0;
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}
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@media only screen {
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body {
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margin: 2em auto;
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max-width: 900px;
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color: rgb(55, 53, 47);
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}
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}
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body {
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line-height: 1.5;
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white-space: pre-wrap;
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}
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a,
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a.visited {
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color: inherit;
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text-decoration: underline;
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}
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.pdf-relative-link-path {
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font-size: 80%;
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color: #444;
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}
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h1,
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h2,
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h3 {
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letter-spacing: -0.01em;
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line-height: 1.2;
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font-weight: 600;
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margin-bottom: 0;
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}
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.page-title {
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font-size: 2.5rem;
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font-weight: 700;
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margin-top: 0;
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margin-bottom: 0.75em;
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}
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h1 {
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font-size: 1.875rem;
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margin-top: 1.875rem;
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}
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h2 {
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font-size: 1.5rem;
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margin-top: 1.5rem;
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}
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h3 {
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font-size: 1.25rem;
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margin-top: 1.25rem;
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}
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.source {
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border: 1px solid #ddd;
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border-radius: 3px;
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padding: 1.5em;
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word-break: break-all;
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}
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.callout {
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border-radius: 3px;
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padding: 1rem;
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}
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figure {
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margin: 1.25em 0;
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page-break-inside: avoid;
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}
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figcaption {
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opacity: 0.5;
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font-size: 85%;
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margin-top: 0.5em;
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}
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mark {
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background-color: transparent;
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}
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.indented {
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padding-left: 1.5em;
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}
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hr {
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background: transparent;
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display: block;
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width: 100%;
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height: 1px;
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visibility: visible;
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border: none;
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border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(55, 53, 47, 0.09);
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}
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img {
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max-width: 100%;
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}
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@media only print {
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img {
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max-height: 100vh;
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object-fit: contain;
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}
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}
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@page {
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margin: 1in;
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}
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.collection-content {
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font-size: 0.875rem;
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}
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.column-list {
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display: flex;
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justify-content: space-between;
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}
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.column {
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padding: 0 1em;
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}
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.column:first-child {
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padding-left: 0;
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}
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.column:last-child {
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padding-right: 0;
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}
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.table_of_contents-item {
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display: block;
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font-size: 0.875rem;
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line-height: 1.3;
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padding: 0.125rem;
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}
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.table_of_contents-indent-1 {
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margin-left: 1.5rem;
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}
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.table_of_contents-indent-2 {
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margin-left: 3rem;
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}
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.table_of_contents-indent-3 {
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margin-left: 4.5rem;
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}
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.table_of_contents-link {
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text-decoration: none;
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opacity: 0.7;
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border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(55, 53, 47, 0.18);
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}
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table,
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th,
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td {
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border: 1px solid rgba(55, 53, 47, 0.09);
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border-collapse: collapse;
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}
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table {
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border-left: none;
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border-right: none;
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}
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th,
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td {
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font-weight: normal;
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padding: 0.25em 0.5em;
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line-height: 1.5;
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min-height: 1.5em;
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text-align: left;
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|||
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}
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th {
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color: rgba(55, 53, 47, 0.6);
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}
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ol,
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ul {
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|||
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margin: 0;
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margin-block-start: 0.6em;
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margin-block-end: 0.6em;
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}
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li > ol:first-child,
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li > ul:first-child {
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margin-block-start: 0.6em;
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}
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ul > li {
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list-style: disc;
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}
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ul.to-do-list {
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|||
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text-indent: -1.7em;
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|||
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}
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|||
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ul.to-do-list > li {
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|||
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list-style: none;
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|||
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}
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.to-do-children-checked {
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|||
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text-decoration: line-through;
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|||
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opacity: 0.375;
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|||
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}
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ul.toggle > li {
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|||
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list-style: none;
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|||
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}
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|||
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|||
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ul {
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|||
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padding-inline-start: 1.7em;
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|||
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}
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ul > li {
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padding-left: 0.1em;
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}
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ol {
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|||
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padding-inline-start: 1.6em;
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}
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ol > li {
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padding-left: 0.2em;
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}
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|||
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.mono ol {
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|||
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padding-inline-start: 2em;
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}
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.mono ol > li {
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text-indent: -0.4em;
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}
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|||
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.toggle {
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|||
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padding-inline-start: 0em;
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|||
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|
list-style-type: none;
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|||
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}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
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/* Indent toggle children */
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.toggle > li > details {
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|||
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padding-left: 1.7em;
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|||
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}
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|||
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.toggle > li > details > summary {
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|||
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margin-left: -1.1em;
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|||
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}
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|||
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.selected-value {
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|||
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display: inline-block;
|
|||
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padding: 0 0.5em;
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|||
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background: rgba(206, 205, 202, 0.5);
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|||
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border-radius: 3px;
|
|||
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margin-right: 0.5em;
|
|||
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|
margin-top: 0.3em;
|
|||
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|
margin-bottom: 0.3em;
|
|||
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|
white-space: nowrap;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
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.collection-title {
|
|||
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display: inline-block;
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|||
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margin-right: 1em;
|
|||
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|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
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.simple-table {
|
|||
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margin-top: 1em;
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|||
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|
font-size: 0.875rem;
|
|||
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|
empty-cells: show;
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|||
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}
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.simple-table td {
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|||
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height: 29px;
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min-width: 120px;
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|||
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}
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|||
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|
|||
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.simple-table th {
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|||
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height: 29px;
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|||
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min-width: 120px;
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|||
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}
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|
|||
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.simple-table-header-color {
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|||
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background: rgb(247, 246, 243);
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|||
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color: black;
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|||
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}
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|||
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.simple-table-header {
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|||
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font-weight: 500;
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|||
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}
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|||
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time {
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|||
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opacity: 0.5;
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|||
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}
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.icon {
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|||
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display: inline-block;
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|||
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max-width: 1.2em;
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|||
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|
max-height: 1.2em;
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|||
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|
text-decoration: none;
|
|||
|
|
vertical-align: text-bottom;
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|||
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margin-right: 0.5em;
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|||
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}
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|||
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img.icon {
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border-radius: 3px;
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|||
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}
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|
|||
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.user-icon {
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width: 1.5em;
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|||
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height: 1.5em;
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|||
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border-radius: 100%;
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|||
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margin-right: 0.5rem;
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|||
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}
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|||
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|
|
|||
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.user-icon-inner {
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|||
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font-size: 0.8em;
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|||
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}
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|||
|
|
|
|||
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.text-icon {
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|||
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border: 1px solid #000;
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|||
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|
text-align: center;
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|||
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}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
.page-cover-image {
|
|||
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|
display: block;
|
|||
|
|
object-fit: cover;
|
|||
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|
width: 100%;
|
|||
|
|
max-height: 30vh;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
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|
.page-header-icon {
|
|||
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|
font-size: 3rem;
|
|||
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|
margin-bottom: 1rem;
|
|||
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|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
.page-header-icon-with-cover {
|
|||
|
|
margin-top: -0.72em;
|
|||
|
|
margin-left: 0.07em;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
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|
.page-header-icon img {
|
|||
|
|
border-radius: 3px;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
.link-to-page {
|
|||
|
|
margin: 1em 0;
|
|||
|
|
padding: 0;
|
|||
|
|
border: none;
|
|||
|
|
font-weight: 500;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
p > .user {
|
|||
|
|
opacity: 0.5;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
td > .user,
|
|||
|
|
td > time {
|
|||
|
|
white-space: nowrap;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
input[type="checkbox"] {
|
|||
|
|
transform: scale(1.5);
|
|||
|
|
margin-right: 0.6em;
|
|||
|
|
vertical-align: middle;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
p {
|
|||
|
|
margin-top: 0.5em;
|
|||
|
|
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
.image {
|
|||
|
|
border: none;
|
|||
|
|
margin: 1.5em 0;
|
|||
|
|
padding: 0;
|
|||
|
|
border-radius: 0;
|
|||
|
|
text-align: center;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
.code,
|
|||
|
|
code {
|
|||
|
|
background: rgba(135, 131, 120, 0.15);
|
|||
|
|
border-radius: 3px;
|
|||
|
|
padding: 0.2em 0.4em;
|
|||
|
|
border-radius: 3px;
|
|||
|
|
font-size: 85%;
|
|||
|
|
tab-size: 2;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
code {
|
|||
|
|
color: #eb5757;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
.code {
|
|||
|
|
padding: 1.5em 1em;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
.code-wrap {
|
|||
|
|
white-space: pre-wrap;
|
|||
|
|
word-break: break-all;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
.code > code {
|
|||
|
|
background: none;
|
|||
|
|
padding: 0;
|
|||
|
|
font-size: 100%;
|
|||
|
|
color: inherit;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
blockquote {
|
|||
|
|
font-size: 1.25em;
|
|||
|
|
margin: 1em 0;
|
|||
|
|
padding-left: 1em;
|
|||
|
|
border-left: 3px solid rgb(55, 53, 47);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
.bookmark {
|
|||
|
|
text-decoration: none;
|
|||
|
|
max-height: 8em;
|
|||
|
|
padding: 0;
|
|||
|
|
display: flex;
|
|||
|
|
width: 100%;
|
|||
|
|
align-items: stretch;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
.bookmark-title {
|
|||
|
|
font-size: 0.85em;
|
|||
|
|
overflow: hidden;
|
|||
|
|
text-overflow: ellipsis;
|
|||
|
|
height: 1.75em;
|
|||
|
|
white-space: nowrap;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
.bookmark-text {
|
|||
|
|
display: flex;
|
|||
|
|
flex-direction: column;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
.bookmark-info {
|
|||
|
|
flex: 4 1 180px;
|
|||
|
|
padding: 12px 14px 14px;
|
|||
|
|
display: flex;
|
|||
|
|
flex-direction: column;
|
|||
|
|
justify-content: space-between;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
.bookmark-image {
|
|||
|
|
width: 33%;
|
|||
|
|
flex: 1 1 180px;
|
|||
|
|
display: block;
|
|||
|
|
position: relative;
|
|||
|
|
object-fit: cover;
|
|||
|
|
border-radius: 1px;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
.bookmark-description {
|
|||
|
|
color: rgba(55, 53, 47, 0.6);
|
|||
|
|
font-size: 0.75em;
|
|||
|
|
overflow: hidden;
|
|||
|
|
max-height: 4.5em;
|
|||
|
|
word-break: break-word;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
.bookmark-href {
|
|||
|
|
font-size: 0.75em;
|
|||
|
|
margin-top: 0.25em;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
.sans { font-family: ui-sans-serif, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, "Apple Color Emoji", Arial, sans-serif, "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; }
|
|||
|
|
.code { font-family: "SFMono-Regular", Menlo, Consolas, "PT Mono", "Liberation Mono", Courier, monospace; }
|
|||
|
|
.serif { font-family: Lyon-Text, Georgia, ui-serif, serif; }
|
|||
|
|
.mono { font-family: iawriter-mono, Nitti, Menlo, Courier, monospace; }
|
|||
|
|
.pdf .sans { font-family: Inter, ui-sans-serif, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, "Apple Color Emoji", Arial, sans-serif, "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", 'Twemoji', 'Noto Color Emoji', 'Noto Sans CJK JP'; }
|
|||
|
|
.pdf:lang(zh-CN) .sans { font-family: Inter, ui-sans-serif, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, "Apple Color Emoji", Arial, sans-serif, "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", 'Twemoji', 'Noto Color Emoji', 'Noto Sans CJK SC'; }
|
|||
|
|
.pdf:lang(zh-TW) .sans { font-family: Inter, ui-sans-serif, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, "Apple Color Emoji", Arial, sans-serif, "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", 'Twemoji', 'Noto Color Emoji', 'Noto Sans CJK TC'; }
|
|||
|
|
.pdf:lang(ko-KR) .sans { font-family: Inter, ui-sans-serif, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, "Apple Color Emoji", Arial, sans-serif, "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", 'Twemoji', 'Noto Color Emoji', 'Noto Sans CJK KR'; }
|
|||
|
|
.pdf .code { font-family: Source Code Pro, "SFMono-Regular", Menlo, Consolas, "PT Mono", "Liberation Mono", Courier, monospace, 'Twemoji', 'Noto Color Emoji', 'Noto Sans Mono CJK JP'; }
|
|||
|
|
.pdf:lang(zh-CN) .code { font-family: Source Code Pro, "SFMono-Regular", Menlo, Consolas, "PT Mono", "Liberation Mono", Courier, monospace, 'Twemoji', 'Noto Color Emoji', 'Noto Sans Mono CJK SC'; }
|
|||
|
|
.pdf:lang(zh-TW) .code { font-family: Source Code Pro, "SFMono-Regular", Menlo, Consolas, "PT Mono", "Liberation Mono", Courier, monospace, 'Twemoji', 'Noto Color Emoji', 'Noto Sans Mono CJK TC'; }
|
|||
|
|
.pdf:lang(ko-KR) .code { font-family: Source Code Pro, "SFMono-Regular", Menlo, Consolas, "PT Mono", "Liberation Mono", Courier, monospace, 'Twemoji', 'Noto Color Emoji', 'Noto Sans Mono CJK KR'; }
|
|||
|
|
.pdf .serif { font-family: PT Serif, Lyon-Text, Georgia, ui-serif, serif, 'Twemoji', 'Noto Color Emoji', 'Noto Serif CJK JP'; }
|
|||
|
|
.pdf:lang(zh-CN) .serif { font-family: PT Serif, Lyon-Text, Georgia, ui-serif, serif, 'Twemoji', 'Noto Color Emoji', 'Noto Serif CJK SC'; }
|
|||
|
|
.pdf:lang(zh-TW) .serif { font-family: PT Serif, Lyon-Text, Georgia, ui-serif, serif, 'Twemoji', 'Noto Color Emoji', 'Noto Serif CJK TC'; }
|
|||
|
|
.pdf:lang(ko-KR) .serif { font-family: PT Serif, Lyon-Text, Georgia, ui-serif, serif, 'Twemoji', 'Noto Color Emoji', 'Noto Serif CJK KR'; }
|
|||
|
|
.pdf .mono { font-family: PT Mono, iawriter-mono, Nitti, Menlo, Courier, monospace, 'Twemoji', 'Noto Color Emoji', 'Noto Sans Mono CJK JP'; }
|
|||
|
|
.pdf:lang(zh-CN) .mono { font-family: PT Mono, iawriter-mono, Nitti, Menlo, Courier, monospace, 'Twemoji', 'Noto Color Emoji', 'Noto Sans Mono CJK SC'; }
|
|||
|
|
.pdf:lang(zh-TW) .mono { font-family: PT Mono, iawriter-mono, Nitti, Menlo, Courier, monospace, 'Twemoji', 'Noto Color Emoji', 'Noto Sans Mono CJK TC'; }
|
|||
|
|
.pdf:lang(ko-KR) .mono { font-family: PT Mono, iawriter-mono, Nitti, Menlo, Courier, monospace, 'Twemoji', 'Noto Color Emoji', 'Noto Sans Mono CJK KR'; }
|
|||
|
|
.highlight-default {
|
|||
|
|
color: rgba(55, 53, 47, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.highlight-gray {
|
|||
|
|
color: rgba(120, 119, 116, 1);
|
|||
|
|
fill: rgba(120, 119, 116, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.highlight-brown {
|
|||
|
|
color: rgba(159, 107, 83, 1);
|
|||
|
|
fill: rgba(159, 107, 83, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.highlight-orange {
|
|||
|
|
color: rgba(217, 115, 13, 1);
|
|||
|
|
fill: rgba(217, 115, 13, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.highlight-yellow {
|
|||
|
|
color: rgba(203, 145, 47, 1);
|
|||
|
|
fill: rgba(203, 145, 47, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.highlight-teal {
|
|||
|
|
color: rgba(68, 131, 97, 1);
|
|||
|
|
fill: rgba(68, 131, 97, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.highlight-blue {
|
|||
|
|
color: rgba(51, 126, 169, 1);
|
|||
|
|
fill: rgba(51, 126, 169, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.highlight-purple {
|
|||
|
|
color: rgba(144, 101, 176, 1);
|
|||
|
|
fill: rgba(144, 101, 176, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.highlight-pink {
|
|||
|
|
color: rgba(193, 76, 138, 1);
|
|||
|
|
fill: rgba(193, 76, 138, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.highlight-red {
|
|||
|
|
color: rgba(212, 76, 71, 1);
|
|||
|
|
fill: rgba(212, 76, 71, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.highlight-gray_background {
|
|||
|
|
background: rgba(241, 241, 239, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.highlight-brown_background {
|
|||
|
|
background: rgba(244, 238, 238, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.highlight-orange_background {
|
|||
|
|
background: rgba(251, 236, 221, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.highlight-yellow_background {
|
|||
|
|
background: rgba(251, 243, 219, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.highlight-teal_background {
|
|||
|
|
background: rgba(237, 243, 236, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.highlight-blue_background {
|
|||
|
|
background: rgba(231, 243, 248, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.highlight-purple_background {
|
|||
|
|
background: rgba(244, 240, 247, 0.8);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.highlight-pink_background {
|
|||
|
|
background: rgba(249, 238, 243, 0.8);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.highlight-red_background {
|
|||
|
|
background: rgba(253, 235, 236, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.block-color-default {
|
|||
|
|
color: inherit;
|
|||
|
|
fill: inherit;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.block-color-gray {
|
|||
|
|
color: rgba(120, 119, 116, 1);
|
|||
|
|
fill: rgba(120, 119, 116, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.block-color-brown {
|
|||
|
|
color: rgba(159, 107, 83, 1);
|
|||
|
|
fill: rgba(159, 107, 83, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.block-color-orange {
|
|||
|
|
color: rgba(217, 115, 13, 1);
|
|||
|
|
fill: rgba(217, 115, 13, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.block-color-yellow {
|
|||
|
|
color: rgba(203, 145, 47, 1);
|
|||
|
|
fill: rgba(203, 145, 47, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.block-color-teal {
|
|||
|
|
color: rgba(68, 131, 97, 1);
|
|||
|
|
fill: rgba(68, 131, 97, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.block-color-blue {
|
|||
|
|
color: rgba(51, 126, 169, 1);
|
|||
|
|
fill: rgba(51, 126, 169, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.block-color-purple {
|
|||
|
|
color: rgba(144, 101, 176, 1);
|
|||
|
|
fill: rgba(144, 101, 176, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.block-color-pink {
|
|||
|
|
color: rgba(193, 76, 138, 1);
|
|||
|
|
fill: rgba(193, 76, 138, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.block-color-red {
|
|||
|
|
color: rgba(212, 76, 71, 1);
|
|||
|
|
fill: rgba(212, 76, 71, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.block-color-gray_background {
|
|||
|
|
background: rgba(241, 241, 239, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.block-color-brown_background {
|
|||
|
|
background: rgba(244, 238, 238, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.block-color-orange_background {
|
|||
|
|
background: rgba(251, 236, 221, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.block-color-yellow_background {
|
|||
|
|
background: rgba(251, 243, 219, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.block-color-teal_background {
|
|||
|
|
background: rgba(237, 243, 236, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.block-color-blue_background {
|
|||
|
|
background: rgba(231, 243, 248, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.block-color-purple_background {
|
|||
|
|
background: rgba(244, 240, 247, 0.8);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.block-color-pink_background {
|
|||
|
|
background: rgba(249, 238, 243, 0.8);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.block-color-red_background {
|
|||
|
|
background: rgba(253, 235, 236, 1);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
.select-value-color-pink { background-color: rgba(245, 224, 233, 1); }
|
|||
|
|
.select-value-color-purple { background-color: rgba(232, 222, 238, 1); }
|
|||
|
|
.select-value-color-green { background-color: rgba(219, 237, 219, 1); }
|
|||
|
|
.select-value-color-gray { background-color: rgba(227, 226, 224, 1); }
|
|||
|
|
.select-value-color-opaquegray { background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.0375); }
|
|||
|
|
.select-value-color-orange { background-color: rgba(250, 222, 201, 1); }
|
|||
|
|
.select-value-color-brown { background-color: rgba(238, 224, 218, 1); }
|
|||
|
|
.select-value-color-red { background-color: rgba(255, 226, 221, 1); }
|
|||
|
|
.select-value-color-yellow { background-color: rgba(253, 236, 200, 1); }
|
|||
|
|
.select-value-color-blue { background-color: rgba(211, 229, 239, 1); }
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
.checkbox {
|
|||
|
|
display: inline-flex;
|
|||
|
|
vertical-align: text-bottom;
|
|||
|
|
width: 16;
|
|||
|
|
height: 16;
|
|||
|
|
background-size: 16px;
|
|||
|
|
margin-left: 2px;
|
|||
|
|
margin-right: 5px;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
.checkbox-on {
|
|||
|
|
background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20width%3D%2216%22%20height%3D%2216%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2016%2016%22%20fill%3D%22none%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%0A%3Crect%20width%3D%2216%22%20height%3D%2216%22%20fill%3D%22%2358A9D7%22%2F%3E%0A%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M6.71429%2012.2852L14%204.9995L12.7143%203.71436L6.71429%209.71378L3.28571%206.2831L2%207.57092L6.71429%2012.2852Z%22%20fill%3D%22white%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E");
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
.checkbox-off {
|
|||
|
|
background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20width%3D%2216%22%20height%3D%2216%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2016%2016%22%20fill%3D%22none%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%0A%3Crect%20x%3D%220.75%22%20y%3D%220.75%22%20width%3D%2214.5%22%20height%3D%2214.5%22%20fill%3D%22white%22%20stroke%3D%22%2336352F%22%20stroke-width%3D%221.5%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E");
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
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</style></head><body><article id="4ccc3fec-209d-494e-97c8-ea4492992055" class="page sans"><header><h1 class="page-title">Unit 8: Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy</h1></header><div class="page-body"><h1 id="2dfd2b3e-f4d9-4e50-8d91-96a9054e1ecc" class="">8.1 - Potential Energy</h1><h2 id="602cbc65-ed4f-418a-a3d0-055e04c05343" class="">Conservative Forces</h2><p id="aeb5e41a-c7cf-4abc-9b1a-a850c44609d1" class="">A force is a conservative force if the net work it does on a particle moving around any closed path, from an initial point and then back to that point, is zero. Equivalently, a force is conservative if the net work it does on a particle moving between two points does not depend on the path taken by the particle. </p><p id="843a8866-3380-4b00-9823-a080972b99b8" class="">The gravitational force and the spring force are examples of conservative forces; while the kinetic frictional force is a non-conservative force.</p><h2 id="b2689954-2bbb-40ba-9683-a1347de655fc" class="">Potential Energy</h2><p id="516b1841-6cb3-4351-8bd6-69efc26eceda" class="">Potential energy is energy that is associated with the configuration of a system in which a conservative force acts.</p><p id="cd193655-a71f-4afe-9054-3481edd717f7" class="">When the conservative force does work <style>@import url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/KaTeX/0.13.2/katex.min.css')</style><span data-token-index="0" contenteditable="false" class="notion-text-equation-token" style="user-select:all;-webkit-user-select:all;-moz-user-select:all"><span></span><span><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>W</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">W</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">W</span></span></span></span></span><span></span></span> on a particle within the system, the change <style>@import url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/KaTeX/0.13.2/katex.min.css')</style><span data-token-index="0" contenteditable="false" class="notion-text-equation-token" style="user-select:all;-webkit-user-select:all;-moz-user-select:all"><span></span><span><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>U</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Delta U</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em;">U</span></span></span></span></span><span></span></span> in the potential energy of the system is:</p><figure id="b8d7637e-f73b-40c8-9f47-ebe1236ea87d" class="equation"><style>@import url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/KaTeX/0.13.2/katex.min.css')</style><div class="equation-container"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>U</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>−</mo><mi>W</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Delta U = -W</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em;">U</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.76666em;vertical-align:-0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">W</span></span></span></span></span></div></figure><p i
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